Magic number theory

Magic number theory refers to specific numbers in atomic and nuclear physics that indicate stable configurations of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. When a nucleus has a "magic number" of protons or neutrons—such as 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, or 126—it exhibits enhanced stability and resistance to radioactive decay. This concept helps scientists understand nuclear structure and predict the properties of elements. Magic numbers arise due to the quantized energy levels of nuclear particles, which result in certain configurations being more energetically favorable compared to others, leading to the formation of particularly stable isotopes.