Louis XI of France

Louis XI of France, known as the "Universal Spider," was a shrewd and strategic king (1461–1483) who strengthened royal power amid internal disputes and external threats. He skillfully used diplomacy, alliances, and sometimes deception to weaken nobles’ influence and centralize authority. Louis modernized administration, promoted commerce, and expanded France’s borders. His reign helped transform France into a more unified and powerful kingdom, laying groundwork for future stability. Despite his reputation for cunning and scheming, his leadership primarily aimed to secure and consolidate royal control during a tumultuous period.