Lokayata (Carvaka)

Lokayata, also known as Carvaka, is an ancient Indian philosophical school rooted in materialism and skepticism. It emphasizes direct perception as the only valid means of knowledge, rejecting spiritual concepts like the soul, afterlife, or karma. Its core belief is that the physical world is the only reality, and pleasure is the primary goal of life. It advocates for rational inquiry and empirical evidence, often opposing religious dogmas. Though historically considered a critique of spiritual doctrines, Carvaka represents a pragmatic approach focused on enjoying life through sensory experiences, emphasizing human experience and immediate gratification over spiritual pursuits.