Lighting models

Lighting models are mathematical formulas used in computer graphics to simulate how light interacts with surfaces, creating realistic images. They determine how objects appear under various lighting conditions by accounting for factors like light intensity, direction, material properties, and shadows. Common models, such as Phong or Blinn-Phong, calculate the brightness at each point on an object's surface based on the angle of light and viewer, producing effects like highlights or dullness. These models help render virtual scenes with believable lighting, enhancing the overall realism of digital visuals.