Light-independent reactions

Light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, are a series of processes in photosynthesis that occur in plant cells without sunlight. They use energy stored in molecules like ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light-dependent reactions, to convert carbon dioxide from the air into glucose, a type of sugar. These reactions take place in the chloroplasts and are essential for building the energy-rich compounds that plants use for growth and development. Essentially, they transform simple air molecules into complex sugars, supporting the plant's life and providing energy for other organisms, including humans.