Leaf anatomy

Leaf anatomy refers to the structured layers within a leaf that enable photosynthesis, the process of converting sunlight into energy. The outermost layer, the cuticle, protects against water loss. Beneath are the epidermis cells, which also help prevent water loss. The mesophyll, made up of spongy and palisade cells, contains chloroplasts that capture sunlight and produce food for the plant. Veins, composed of xylem and phloem, transport water, nutrients, and sugars. Stomata, small pores on the leaf surface, regulate gas exchange and water vapor. This organized structure allows the leaf to efficiently perform its vital functions.