lattice vibrations

Lattice vibrations refer to the tiny movements of atoms within a solid material's structure, like a tightly packed grid. Instead of remaining perfectly still, atoms oscillate or vibrate around their fixed positions due to thermal energy. These vibrations propagate as waves through the material, known as phonons, playing a key role in determining the material's thermal and electrical properties. Understanding lattice vibrations helps explain how heat flows in solids and how materials conduct electricity.