late Roman Republic

The late Roman Republic (roughly from the first century BCE) was a period marked by political instability, social change, and power struggles. Rome was governed by elected officials and aristocrats, but increasing inequality, corruption, and military turmoil led to conflicts between powerful generals, senators, and populares (leaders who sought the common people's support). Notable figures like Julius Caesar rose to prominence, ultimately ending the Republic when Caesar declared himself dictator. This period set the stage for the transition to the Roman Empire, as traditional republican institutions weakened under the pressure of expanding empire and internal chaos.