Knowles corpuscular electromigration theory

Knowles’ corpuscular electromigration theory explains how metal atoms move within conductive materials when an electric current passes through them. He proposed that tiny particles, or “corpuscles,” carry electrical charge and physically drift under the influence of the electric field. This movement causes the atoms in the metal to migrate, leading to material buildup in some areas and depletion in others. This process, known as electromigration, can eventually cause failures like cracks or breaks in electronic components. Knowles’ theory helps us understand and predict these material changes to improve the reliability of electronic devices.