Ki

Ki, or the proportional gain in a control system, measures how strongly the controller reacts to the current error between desired and actual output. Essentially, it determines the speed and strength of the system's response to deviations. A higher Ki means the system responds more aggressively to errors, reducing steady-state discrepancies but potentially causing overshoot or instability. Conversely, a lower Ki results in a gentler correction. Adjusting Ki helps achieve a balance between responsiveness and stability, ensuring the system operates accurately without excessive oscillations.