Khazar Khaganate

The Khazar Khaganate was a powerful, multi-ethnic state that existed from the 7th to 10th centuries in the region around the Caspian Sea and the Volga River, encompassing parts of modern-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. The Khazars were a Turkic people who converted to Judaism and became a significant trade hub connecting Europe and Asia. Their political and military power influenced neighboring cultures and kingdoms. The Khaganate fostered religious tolerance, coexisting with Christians and Muslims. Ultimately, it declined due to invasions and shifting trade routes, leading to its fall by the late 10th century.