Hydrothermal circulation models

Hydrothermal circulation models describe how water moves through the Earth's crust, especially around volcanic areas and mid-ocean ridges. When seawater seeps into the hot crust, it heats up, becomes less dense, and rises back to the ocean, carrying dissolved minerals and chemicals. These models help scientists understand how heat and materials are transferred from Earth's interior to the surface, influencing geological activity and mineral deposits. They are essential for studying geothermal energy, seafloor spreading, and the formation of hydrothermal vents that support unique ecosystems.