Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrates found in breast milk that are not digested by infants. Instead, they serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, and help protect against harmful pathogens by acting as decoys or by strengthening the immune system. HMOs contribute to the development of a healthy gut microbiome, support immune function, and may influence brain development. Their unique structures vary among mothers and can be adapted to support the infant’s growth and defense during early life, highlighting their vital role in infant health beyond basic nutrition.