Gramsci's theories of state

Antonio Gramsci's theory of the state emphasizes that power isn't just maintained through laws and government force (the "repressive state apparatus"), but also through cultural and ideological influence (the "civil society"). He believed that ruling groups shape societal norms, values, and beliefs, creating a "hegemony" that makes their dominance seem natural and accepted. To change society, one must challenge both the legal systems and the cultural ideas that sustain existing power structures. In essence, Gramsci viewed the state as a complex blend of political authority and cultural influence working together to maintain societal control.