gnotobiotic animals

Gnotobiotic animals are specially raised animals that have no microorganisms (like bacteria or viruses) living in or on them, or only have known, controlled microorganisms. They are typically born and kept in sterile conditions to study how specific microbes affect health, disease, or development. By controlling their microbial environment, researchers can better understand the roles of microorganisms in biological processes, immune responses, and disease mechanisms. These animals are essential tools in scientific research, helping to clarify the complex interactions between hosts and their microbiota.