France in the 12th Century

In the 12th century, France was a fragmented kingdom with a strong monarchy centered in Paris, slowly consolidating power. It was marked by the growth of towns, the influence of the church, and the beginnings of the Crusades. Feudalism defined society, with noble landholders and knights, while peasantries worked the land. Architectural and cultural advancements emerged, including the construction of Gothic cathedrals like Notre-Dame. This period saw important political developments, such as the Capetian dynasty strengthening royal authority, setting the stage for France's future unity and growth.