formal methods

Formal methods are systematic techniques used to specify, develop, and verify software and hardware systems using mathematical descriptions and logic. They enable precise modeling of complex systems to ensure correctness, reliability, and security before implementation. By applying rigorous proofs and analysis, formal methods help identify errors early, reducing risks and costly fixes later. They are especially valuable in safety-critical domains such as aerospace, medical devices, and nuclear power, where failure is unacceptable. In essence, formal methods provide a mathematical foundation for designing and validating systems with high confidence in their performance and safety.