forced convection

Forced convection is a heat transfer process where external forces—such as fans, pumps, or blowing air—move a fluid (liquid or gas) over a surface, enhancing heat transfer. Unlike natural convection, which relies on buoyancy caused by temperature differences, forced convection actively directs fluid flow to rapidly carry heat away from or toward a surface. Examples include a fan cooling a computer or a radiator pump circulating hot water. This method is efficient and commonly used in heating, cooling, and industrial processes to control temperatures effectively.