Fermi Gas Theory

Fermi Gas Theory describes how particles called fermions, such as electrons in a metal, behave collectively as a gas. Due to the Pauli exclusion principle, no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. This causes the particles to fill energy levels up to a maximum called the Fermi energy, even at absolute zero. The theory helps explain properties like electrical conductivity and heat capacity in materials, emphasizing how the quantum nature of particles influences their macroscopic behavior in solids and metals.