Federalism and decentralization in comparative perspective

Federalism and decentralization are systems of government that distribute authority differently. Federalism divides power between a central government and regional or state governments, each with its own legal responsibilities. This allows regions to govern themselves on local matters while remaining part of a unified nation. Decentralization, on the other hand, refers to shifting authority from the central government to local units, which may be different in structure and scope. In comparison, federal systems often have constitutionally enshrined powers for regional governments, while decentralization can be more flexible. Both aim to better manage diverse regions but differ in formal structure and legal basis.