Ethnic Security Dilemma

An ethnic security dilemma occurs when different ethnic groups within a country or region fear that the actions of one group threaten their safety or interests, leading them to respond defensively. These actions—like building armed groups or asserting autonomy—can be perceived as threats by others, prompting a cycle of mistrust and military buildup. This cycle intensifies tensions, making conflict more likely, even if no one initially intended aggression. Essentially, efforts by one group to improve its security can unintentionally undermine the security of other groups, fueling ongoing insecurity and conflict.