Endospores

Endospores are highly specialized, dormant structures formed by certain bacteria to survive extreme conditions such as heat, drought, chemicals, and radiation. They act as a protective capsule, enclosing essential genetic material and cellular components in a tough, resistant coat. When conditions become favorable again, the endospore can revert to its active, reproductive bacterial form. This ability allows bacteria to endure harsh environments for long periods, making them difficult to eliminate and often a concern in sterilization and infection control processes.