electrophilic substitution

Electrophilic substitution is a chemical reaction where an electrophile, a species that seeks electrons, replaces a hydrogen atom in an aromatic compound, such as benzene. This process allows the compound to retain its aromatic properties while introducing new functional groups. It occurs in a series of steps: first, the electrophile attacks the aromatic ring, forming a temporary, unstable complex. Then, a hydrogen atom is removed, restoring the aromatic structure. This reaction is fundamental in organic chemistry, enabling the creation of diverse chemical compounds used in pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other materials.