Earth System Models (ESM)

Earth System Models (ESMs) are comprehensive computer simulations that integrate various interconnected components of our planet—such as the atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice—to understand how they interact and respond to changes. They use scientific data and equations to replicate processes like climate patterns, weather, and human activities, helping us predict future environmental conditions and assess impacts of actions like greenhouse gas emissions. ESMs are essential tools for scientists to study complex Earth systems and inform policy decisions aimed at sustainability and climate resilience.