drug approval processes

The drug approval process involves several stages to ensure a new medication is safe and effective before it reaches the market. Initially, researchers conduct laboratory and animal tests. If results are promising, they submit an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to regulatory agencies, like the FDA in the U.S. Upon approval, the drug undergoes three phases of clinical trials with human participants, assessing safety, dosage, and efficacy. After successful trials, the manufacturer submits a New Drug Application (NDA) for review. If approved, the drug can be marketed, and ongoing monitoring continues for long-term safety.