downstream processing unit operations

Downstream processing refers to the steps used to purify and package a product after it's been initially created, like in pharmaceutical or biotechnology industries. These steps typically include separating the desired product from the mixture, removing impurities, concentrating it, and then formulating it into a usable final form, such as a drug or beverage. Common operations involve filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, and drying. The goal is to efficiently isolate high-quality product with minimal contamination, ensuring safety and effectiveness for end-users. Essentially, downstream processing transforms raw, complex mixtures into clean, usable products suitable for commercial use.