D.M Armstrong

D.M. Armstrong was a philosopher known for his work on universals and particulars. He argued that universals—properties or qualities shared by different objects (like "redness" or "circularity")—are real and exist independently, although not as separate entities. In contrast, particulars are individual objects, like a specific red apple. Armstrong proposed that universals are seen in particulars; for example, the redness of many apples shows the universal quality of "redness." Thus, he aimed to bridge the gap between abstract concepts and tangible items, suggesting that both universals and particulars are vital for understanding the nature of reality.