Cosmic Ray Modulation

Cosmic ray modulation refers to the variation in the intensity of high-energy particles from space, called cosmic rays, as they travel through Earth's environment. Solar activity, such as solar winds and magnetic fields, influences these particles, sometimes blocking or deflecting them. During high solar activity, fewer cosmic rays reach Earth, while during solar minimum, more particles penetrate our atmosphere. This process impacts climate, satellite operations, and radiation exposure, making cosmic ray modulation a key aspect of space weather and Earth's atmospheric dynamics.