Commercial fermentation processes

Commercial fermentation processes involve using microorganisms like bacteria or yeast to produce useful products such as alcohol, antibiotics, or food ingredients. In large-scale industrial setups, these microorganisms are cultivated in controlled environments called fermenters, where conditions like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels are carefully maintained to optimize growth and product formation. The microorganisms metabolize raw materials—such as sugars or other nutrients—transforming them into desired products through biological reactions. This process allows for efficient, cost-effective manufacturing of a wide range of products essential to food, medicine, and industry.