Citizenship Laws of 451/450 BC

The Citizenship Laws of 451/450 BC, enacted in Athens, established clear criteria for being recognized as a citizen. To qualify, a person had to be born to Athenian parents, both of whom were already citizens. This law aimed to limit citizenship to genuine Athenians and reduce the influence of foreigners (metics). It formalized the process of inclusion in political rights, property ownership, and participation in civic life, emphasizing the importance of Athenian lineage and identity. Essentially, it defined who could be a citizen and strengthened the social and political cohesion of Athens.