Chernoff Bound

The Chernoff Bound is a mathematical tool used to estimate how unlikely it is for the sum of random events to significantly differ from its expected value. Imagine flipping a fair coin 100 times; most results will be close to 50 heads. The bound helps quantify how small the chance is that the number of heads deviates far from 50, such as getting 70 or more. It provides a precise way to measure the probability of rare deviations, which is useful in fields like computer science and statistics for analyzing algorithms and data variability.