Biological market theory

Biological market theory explains how animals exchange resources or services—like food, protection, or help with reproduction—based on supply and demand, similar to economic markets. In nature, different species or individuals trade these benefits when it’s mutually advantageous. For example, some animals groom each other to remove parasites, and the benefit depends on who needs it more. The value of these exchanges depends on availability and the needs of each participant, leading to mutually beneficial interactions that are flexible and adaptable, much like buying and selling in a marketplace.