Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer state

The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state describes how certain materials conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a critical temperature. In this state, electrons form pairs called Cooper pairs, despite their natural repulsion. These pairs act collectively as a quantum superfluid, enabling electrical current to flow seamlessly. The formation of Cooper pairs is driven by attractive interactions mediated by vibrations in the material’s atomic lattice. This coordinated pairing leads to the emergence of superconductivity, where electrical energy can be transported efficiently without loss or heat generation.