Apartheid, Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), National Party, Suppression of Communism Act, Bantu Education Act, Pass Laws, Land Acts, Group Areas Act, Homelands Policy, Sharpeville Massacre, Soweto Uprising, F.W. de Klerk, Desmond Tutu, Robb

Apartheid was South Africa’s system of institutionalized racial segregation, enforced by the National Party government, which marginalized non-white populations. Nelson Mandela was a key anti-apartheid leader who fought for equality and was imprisoned for decades. The African National Congress (ANC) was the main organization opposing apartheid. Laws like the Suppression of Communism Act, Bantu Education Act, Pass Laws, Land Acts, and Group Areas Act restricted rights for Black South Africans and enforced segregation. Homelands policy forced Black people into designated areas. Key events include the Sharpeville Massacre and Soweto Uprising protests. F.W. de Klerk and Desmond Tutu played roles in ending apartheid; Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first Black president.