Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)

An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) is a scientific framework that maps out how a chemical or other stressor causes a harmful effect in an organism. It links a specific initial event, like a chemical binding to a cell receptor, to subsequent biological changes, ultimately leading to an adverse outcome such as disease or reproductive failure. By clearly outlining these steps, AOPs help scientists predict and understand risks, supporting safer chemical development and regulatory decisions.