1861

The years 1861 to 1865 mark the period of the American Civil War, a pivotal conflict in U.S. history fought between the Northern states (Union) and the Southern states (Confederacy). The war arose from tensions over slavery, states’ rights, and economic differences. Major battles included Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg. The war resulted in significant loss of life, social upheaval, and the eventual abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment. It concluded in 1865 with the defeat of the Confederacy, leading to the Reconstruction era, which aimed to rebuild and integrate the Southern states into the nation.