12th century Spain

12th century Spain was a diverse and dynamic region marked by the Reconquista, a gradual Christian effort to reclaim territory from Muslim rule. The Iberian Peninsula was divided among Christian kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, and Muslim states such as Al-Andalus. This period saw cultural exchanges, advances in science, philosophy, and architecture, including the construction of impressive structures like castles and mosques. It was also a time of political consolidation, shifting alliances, and frequent conflicts, shaping Spain’s complex heritage rooted in medieval medieval religious, cultural, and social developments.