X-ray diffraction experiments

X-ray diffraction experiments involve shining X-rays onto a crystalline material, where the atoms are arranged in a regular pattern. The X-rays scatter off these atoms, creating specific patterns of constructive and destructive interference called diffraction patterns. By analyzing these patterns, scientists can determine the precise three-dimensional structure of the atoms within the crystal. This technique is essential for understanding molecular structures, such as proteins and minerals, and relies on the fact that the regular atomic arrangement causes predictable diffraction patterns that can be interpreted mathematically.