Wilson loops

Wilson loops are mathematical tools used in quantum field theory, especially in studying the fundamental forces like the strong force in nuclear physics. They involve tracing the behavior of a gauge field (which describes forces) around a closed loop in space. Think of it as measuring how a particle’s environment changes as it travels along this loop. The result provides insights into properties like confinement (why quarks stay inside protons), helping physicists understand how forces behave at tiny scales. Wilson loops connect geometric paths with field properties, serving as a key concept in modern theoretical physics.