Wilson and Kelling (1979)

Wilson and Kelling (1979) proposed the "broken windows theory," suggesting that visible signs of disorder, like broken windows or vandalism, can encourage more serious crime. When minor issues are ignored, it signals that rules are not enforced, leading to an increase in harm and disorder. Conversely, addressing small problems promptly helps maintain community order and discourages more serious offenses. Their idea emphasizes that maintaining a clean and orderly environment can prevent larger social problems from developing.