"Weapons of Math Destruction" (Cathy O'Neil)

"Weapons of Math Destruction" by Cathy O'Neil describes how large-scale algorithms and data models—used in areas like credit scoring, job screening, and policing—can reinforce social inequalities. These systems often operate invisibly, rely on biased data, and lack transparency. When used irresponsibly, they can unfairly punish individuals, especially marginalized groups, while benefitting powerful institutions. O’Neil warns that these "weapons" can perpetuate discrimination and social injustice, emphasizing the need for ethical design, fairness, and accountability in the development and implementation of such mathematical algorithms.