Vlasov-Maxwell equations

The Vlasov-Maxwell equations describe how a large number of charged particles, like electrons and ions, move and interact under electromagnetic forces. They combine the Vlasov equation, which tracks the distribution of these particles in space and velocity, with Maxwell's equations, which govern the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. Together, they model complex systems such as plasmas, capturing how particles influence and are affected by electromagnetic fields, enabling scientists to understand phenomena like space weather, fusion, and astrophysical processes with a comprehensive, self-consistent framework.