vertical stratigraphy

Vertical stratigraphy is the study of rock layers (strata) stacked vertically over time. It reveals how Earth's surface has changed through layers of sediment, volcanic ash, or other materials deposited sequentially. By analyzing these layers, scientists can determine the relative age of fossils or events within each layer, understanding the chronological order of geological history. This method helps reconstruct environmental conditions and Earth's development by examining the sequence, composition, and relationships of the layers from oldest at the bottom to youngest at the top.