vertical mixing

Vertical mixing is the process where substances like nutrients, gases, or pollutants move up and down within a body of water, such as a lake or ocean. It happens because of turbulence, waves, and temperature differences, which cause water layers to interact and exchange materials. This mixing helps distribute nutrients and oxygen more evenly throughout the water column, supporting aquatic life. It also influences water quality and climate interactions. Overall, vertical mixing is a natural process that ensures the entire water body remains balanced and healthy by facilitating movement between different depths.