venom composition

Venom composition consists of a complex mix of proteins, enzymes, and small molecules that work together to immobilize prey or deter predators. Proteins can target specific systems, such as blood, nerves, or tissues, disrupting normal functions. Enzymes break down tissue or alter blood clotting, while small molecules may cause pain, swelling, or other symptoms. The exact makeup varies among species, reflecting their hunting strategies and defense mechanisms. This sophisticated biochemical cocktail allows venomous animals to effectively subdue or defend themselves, often with minimal effort beyond delivering a bite or sting.