Van der Waals' theory

Van der Waals' theory explains how real gases differ from ideal gases due to particle interactions. It accounts for the finite size of molecules, which take up space, and the attractive forces between them. These attractions cause molecules to stick slightly together, affecting gas behavior, especially at high pressures and low temperatures. The theory introduces adjusted equations to better predict gas properties under these conditions, providing a more accurate understanding of how molecules behave in real-world gases compared to the idealized models.