valency theory

Valency theory explains how atoms bond with each other to form molecules by sharing or transferring electrons. Each atom has a certain number of electrons in its outermost shell, called valence electrons. These electrons determine how many bonds an atom can form—its valency. For example, carbon has four valence electrons and can form four bonds, while oxygen has six and typically forms two. This concept helps predict how atoms combine in chemical reactions and create stable compounds, providing a foundational understanding of molecular structures and chemical behavior.