Vacuum state

The vacuum state in physics refers to the lowest energy state of a quantum field, where no particles are present. Unlike the common idea of "empty" space, a vacuum still exhibits fluctuations due to quantum uncertainty, meaning tiny energy variations constantly occur even in emptiness. These fluctuations can give rise to virtual particles that appear and disappear rapidly. Essentially, the vacuum state is the fundamental baseline of energy in space, embodying a dynamic and active foundation rather than complete emptiness.