vaccine delivery systems

Vaccine delivery systems are methods used to introduce vaccines into the body to provoke an immune response. Common systems include injections with syringes, which deliver the vaccine directly into muscle or skin, and newer approaches like nasal sprays or patches that administer the vaccine through the nose or skin surface. Some vaccines use specialized carriers, such as liposomes or nanoparticles, to protect the active ingredients and enhance effectiveness. The choice of delivery system depends on the type of vaccine, target disease, patient comfort, and logistical considerations, aiming to ensure safe, effective, and accessible immunization.