Urban warfare theory

Urban warfare theory examines how combat occurs in city environments, focusing on the unique challenges and tactics involved. Cities present complex terrain—buildings, narrow streets, and underground networks—that complicate movement and line-of-sight. Defenders often have advantageous cover, making offensive actions difficult and increasing civilian risks. Effective urban warfare requires adapting traditional combat methods to these conditions, emphasizing intelligence, mobility, and cooperation among forces. The theory also stresses minimizing civilian harm while maintaining security, recognizing that urban settings profoundly influence strategy, logistics, and decision-making in conflict situations.